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- <text id=90TT3143>
- <title>
- Nov. 26, 1990: Europe:NATO's Secret Armies
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Nov. 26, 1990 The Junk Mail Explosion!
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 44
- EUROPE
- NATO's Secret Armies
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Hundreds joined resistance-movements-in-waiting in the 1950s,
- and the mystery is why the groups stayed in business so long
- </p>
- <p> The cold war was near absolute zero, the Korean War was
- raging, and the West could almost hear the Soviet tanks gunning
- their engines on the other side of the Iron Curtain. The U.S.
- and its European allies were determined not to be caught as
- unprepared as they had been when the Nazis invaded. So in the
- early 1950s they began training "stay behind" networks of
- volunteers. If the Soviet army rolled west, the groups were to
- gather intelligence, open escape routes and form resistance
- movements.
- </p>
- <p> Originally advised and financed by the U.S. Central
- Intelligence Agency, many of the units and their clandestine
- arms caches were later taken over by the military intelligence
- organizations of West European countries and coordinated by a
- NATO committee. "It seemed like a pretty sensible business,"
- recalls Harry Rositzke, a retired CIA officer who handled
- anti-Soviet operations in Munich in the mid-1950s. "But then,
- we were all hysterical at the time."
- </p>
- <p> Nor has the emotion completely ebbed now that Europe is
- remaking itself. Last week in Italy and Belgium, investigators
- were looking into possible links between the clandestine
- networks and episodes of right-wing terrorism during the past
- 20 years. In Rome, Admiral Fulvio Martini, head of military
- intelligence, testified before a parliamentary committee.
- Italy's paramilitary group, dubbed Gladio (Sword), had 622
- members and 139 stockpiles of arms and explosives hidden around
- the country, Martini said. When the caches were gathered up in
- 1972, he added, 10 were found empty. One of them had contained
- eight kilos of plastic explosive, leading left-wing
- politicians to voice suspicion that the plastic had been used
- for the neofascist terrorism that plagued Italy in the 1970s
- and '80s.
- </p>
- <p> The Belgian government is investigating the possibility that
- its secret resistance members might have been responsible for
- a wave of terrorist raids on supermarkets near Brussels in
- which 27 people were killed between 1983 and 1985. As the
- accusations echoed across the Continent, France and Greece
- announced that their clandestine volunteer groups had been
- disbanded.
- </p>
- <p> The existence of these secret organizations was first
- disclosed in 1976 by a U.S. Senate committee investigating CIA
- operations. Former CIA Director William Colby told the story
- in greater detail in his 1978 memoir, Honorable Men. His first
- assignment in the agency, Colby wrote, had been to organize
- stay-behind networks in Scandinavia.
- </p>
- <p> In neutral Sweden and Finland, the groups were created
- without the governments' knowledge. In NATO countries Norway
- and Denmark, the units were built with official cooperation.
- But in addition, Colby revealed, the CIA secretly formed its
- own backup networks in both Norway and Denmark. Still unknown
- are how many of these organizations are alive today and what
- they may have been up to lately.
- </p>
- <p>By Bruce W. Nelan. Reported by Jay Peterzell/Washington and
- Robert T. Zintl/Rome.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-